Adjusting entries are an essential component of accurate financial reporting in accounting. These entries are made at the end of an accounting period after the initial trial balance is prepared. Their purpose is to adjust revenues and expenses to the correct accounting period in which they occurred. This process ensures that financial statements such as the income statement and balance sheet reflect the true financial position of the company.

When recording adjusting entries, at least two accounts are affected. One of these accounts is always a balance sheet account, which could be an asset or liability, and the other is an income statement account, which represents either revenue or expenses. The amounts must be carefully calculated to correctly allocate the transactions to the proper period.

Adjusting entries are posted into the general ledger similarly to regular journal entries. They help convert entries made on a cash basis into accrual basis accounting, which matches revenues earned and expenses incurred to the period they relate to, regardless of when the cash is received or paid. This matching principle is fundamental to producing accurate financial reports.

What Are Adjusting Entries?

To grasp the concept of adjusting entries, it is important to understand how transactions are initially recorded in accounting. Throughout the accounting period, journal entries record all financial activities such as sales, purchases, payments, and receipts. However, not all transactions fit neatly into the time frame in which the entries are made.

Adjusting entries serve to correct or update the initial records so that revenues and expenses are reported in the period in which they were earned or incurred. This adjustment is necessary because some transactions involve events that cross accounting periods or are not immediately recorded in full.

The initial set of entries culminates in the trial balance, which lists all account balances before adjustments. After the adjusting entries are recorded, the trial balance is updated to become the adjusted trial balance. This adjusted trial balance is then used to prepare the final financial statements.

Failing to make adjusting entries can cause financial statements to be inaccurate. For example, revenues may be understated or overstated, and expenses may not align with the revenues they helped generate. Consequently, the profit or loss reported could be misleading, affecting business decisions and tax reporting.

Why Adjusting Entries Are Important for Businesses

The significance of adjusting entries cannot be overstated. They ensure that the financial information presented is accurate and complies with the accrual basis of accounting, which is generally required by accounting standards and regulatory bodies. Here are the key reasons why adjusting entries are crucial for any business.

Firstly, expense reporting without adjustments may be incorrect. Some expenses may be incurred in one period but paid in another. For example, a business might receive a service in the last week of the month but receive the invoice the following month. Without an adjusting entry, the expense would be recorded too late, skewing the financial results.

Secondly, revenue reporting may also be inaccurate without adjustments. Revenue should be recognized when earned, not necessarily when cash is received. A business might provide services before the end of the accounting period but invoice the client after the period closes. Adjusting entries ensure the revenue is recorded in the period when the services were provided.

Thirdly, if adjusting entries are not made, the financial statements at the end of the period could be misleading. This has a domino effect, as inaccurate monthly reports lead to unreliable quarterly and annual reports. This situation can adversely impact tax filings, financial analysis, and business planning.

In short, adjusting entries uphold the integrity of the financial reporting process and support sound decision-making by providing a true picture of the company’s financial performance and position.

How Adjusting Entries Reflect the Matching Principle

The matching principle is a fundamental accounting concept requiring that expenses be matched to the revenues they help generate within the same accounting period. Adjusting entries play a key role in applying this principle correctly.

Without adjustments, expenses may be recorded too early or too late relative to when the associated revenues are recognized. For example, consider prepaid expenses such as insurance or rent paid in advance. These payments are initially recorded as assets. Over time, as the benefits are received, adjusting entries gradually move portions of these prepaid expenses into expense accounts, matching the cost with the period of benefit.

Similarly, accrued revenues represent revenues earned but not yet recorded or billed. Adjusting entries record these revenues in the current period even if cash has not been received, ensuring the revenue is matched to the period in which the service or product was delivered.

Accrued expenses work the opposite way. They represent expenses that have been incurred but not yet recorded or paid. Adjusting entries ensure these expenses are recorded in the period they relate to, even if payment happens later.

Overall, adjusting entries help achieve proper alignment of revenues and expenses, providing more reliable financial results for users such as managers, investors, and regulators.

Types of Adjusting Entries Explained

Adjusting entries are broadly categorized into five types, each reflecting a different aspect of revenue or expense recognition under accrual accounting. Understanding these types is essential for properly applying adjustments at the end of an accounting period. These categories are accrued revenues, accrued expenses, unearned revenues, prepaid expenses, and depreciation. Each type has distinct characteristics and impacts on financial statements.

Accrued revenues and accrued expenses deal with transactions where the revenue or expense has been earned or incurred but has not yet been recorded. Unearned revenues and prepaid expenses relate to cash received or paid before the corresponding revenue or expense is recognized. Depreciation deals with allocating the cost of long-term assets over their useful lives.

Accrued Revenues: Recognizing Income Not Yet Billed

Accrued revenues arise when a company performs services or delivers goods but has not yet billed the customer by the end of the accounting period. Under accrual accounting, revenue must be recognized when earned, regardless of when cash is received.

For example, if a consulting firm completes work in the last week of March but does not send an invoice until April, the revenue relates to March’s accounting period. Without adjusting entries, this revenue would be excluded from March’s financial statements, causing underreporting.

The adjusting entry for accrued revenue typically involves debiting accounts receivable and crediting revenue. This entry increases assets by recognizing money owed to the business and increases revenue on the income statement to reflect services performed or goods delivered.

Recording accrued revenues ensures that financial statements accurately show earned revenues, which is critical for management decisions and external reporting. It also helps maintain consistency in revenue recognition across periods.

Accrued Expenses: Recording Costs Not Yet Paid

Accrued expenses represent costs that have been incurred during the accounting period but have not yet been paid or recorded. Common examples include wages payable, interest payable, and utility expenses.

Imagine a company’s employees work the last week of February but are not paid until March. The salary expense belongs to February because that is when the work was performed, even though the payment happens later.

To adjust for accrued expenses, the accountant debits the relevant expense account and credits a liability account such as accrued wages payable or accrued expenses payable. This process increases expenses on the income statement and records a liability on the balance sheet.

Accrued expenses provide a more accurate picture of a company’s obligations and costs during a period. Failing to record them would understate expenses and liabilities, potentially misleading stakeholders.

Unearned Revenues: Handling Advance Payments

Unearned revenue refers to money received before the company delivers goods or performs services. It represents a liability because the company owes the customer the product or service.

For instance, a software company may receive payment in advance for an annual subscription. At the time of payment, the company records the cash received and an unearned revenue liability. As the subscription service is delivered over time, the company must recognize revenue proportionally.

The adjusting entry for unearned revenue involves debiting the unearned revenue liability account and crediting revenue to reflect the portion earned during the period. This reduces liabilities and increases revenue, aligning income with service delivery.

This adjustment prevents overstating revenue and ensures liabilities are properly accounted for until the earnings process is complete. It is particularly common in industries such as insurance, subscriptions, and services with prepayments.

Prepaid Expenses: Allocating Costs Over Time

Prepaid expenses occur when a company pays for goods or services in advance but receives the benefit over time. Common prepaid expenses include insurance premiums, rent, and office supplies.

When a prepaid expense is initially recorded, it is classified as an asset on the balance sheet. Over time, as the prepaid asset is used, it must be expensed to reflect consumption.

The adjusting entry for prepaid expenses involves debiting the expense account and crediting the prepaid asset account. For example, if office supplies are purchased in bulk, the initial purchase increases prepaid supplies. As supplies are used during the month, an adjustment moves the appropriate amount from prepaid supplies to supplies expense.

This approach matches the cost of the asset with the period in which the benefits are received. Without adjusting entries for prepaid expenses, assets would be overstated and expenses understated.

Depreciation: Spreading Asset Costs Over Their Useful Lives

Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of a tangible fixed asset over its estimated useful life. Assets such as buildings, machinery, and vehicles lose value over time due to wear and tear or obsolescence.

Rather than expensing the entire cost when purchased, depreciation spreads the cost across accounting periods that benefit from the asset. This aligns expense recognition with revenue generation.

The adjusting entry for depreciation involves debiting depreciation expense and crediting accumulated depreciation, a contra-asset account. Accumulated depreciation offsets the asset’s original cost on the balance sheet, showing the net book value.

Depreciation does not involve cash outflows during the adjusting entry; it is a non-cash expense that reflects the economic use of the asset.

Recording depreciation accurately affects profit calculations and asset valuations, which are important for financial analysis, tax reporting, and business planning.

Common Examples of Adjusting Entries in Practice

To better understand the practical application of adjusting entries, consider the following scenarios that businesses commonly encounter.

A company hires a freelance graphic designer to complete a project in the final days of the month, but receives the invoice the following month. An accrued expense entry ensures the cost is recorded in the current month’s expenses.

A gym receives payment for a yearly membership upfront. Each month, the gym recognizes a portion of this payment as revenue, decreasing unearned revenue and increasing earned revenue.

An office purchases printer paper and supplies in bulk at the beginning of the quarter. As the supplies are used monthly, adjusting entries transfer the used portion from prepaid supplies to supplies expense.

A manufacturing company purchases new machinery. Each month, depreciation is recorded as an adjusting entry, allocating the machinery’s cost over its useful life.

These examples illustrate how adjusting entries maintain the accuracy and integrity of financial statements by adhering to accrual accounting principles.

How Adjusting Entries Affect Financial Statements

Adjusting entries impact two primary financial statements: the income statement and the balance sheet. Each adjusting entry involves one income statement account (revenue or expense) and one balance sheet account (asset or liability).

For example, accrued revenues increase both accounts receivable (asset) and revenue, improving reported income and reflecting amounts owed. Accrued expenses increase liabilities and expenses, reducing net income, but properly recognizing obligations.

Unearned revenues reduce liabilities and increase revenue as services or goods are delivered, reflecting earned income. Prepaid expenses reduce assets and increase expenses, showing consumed resources.

Depreciation reduces the asset’s book value through accumulated depreciation while increasing expenses, reducing net income over time.

By making these adjustments, companies ensure that financial statements provide a truthful and fair view of performance and financial position, supporting informed decisions by management, investors, and creditors.

The Timing of Adjusting Entries

Adjusting entries are typically made at the end of an accounting period, whether monthly, quarterly, or annually. The timing ensures that financial statements prepared after adjustments accurately reflect the period’s transactions.

Although adjustments are often made at period-end, some businesses may make interim adjusting entries if financial statements are prepared more frequently. However, most adjusting entries are completed during the closing process before finalizing financial reports.

Recording adjusting entries on time is critical to avoid misstatements and to comply with accounting standards such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Challenges and Best Practices in Making Adjusting Entries

Making adjusting entries requires careful attention to detail, understanding of the underlying transactions, and accurate calculation of amounts. Common challenges include determining the correct amount to adjust, identifying which accounts to debit or credit, and ensuring entries comply with accounting policies.

To manage these challenges, companies should maintain thorough documentation of transactions, use consistent methods for estimating accrued expenses or depreciation, and regularly review accounts for necessary adjustments.

Automation and accounting software can assist by tracking prepaid expenses, accrued revenues, and other adjustments. However, manual review by knowledgeable accountants is essential to ensure accuracy.

Clear communication between departments, such as finance and operations, helps identify transactions that require adjustments. Training and reference guides also support accountants in performing adjustments properly.

Step-by-Step Process to Make Adjusting Entries

Adjusting entries are essential for accurate financial reporting, but the process can seem daunting without a clear approach. This section outlines a step-by-step method to help accountants and business owners make adjusting entries systematically and correctly.

1. Identify Accounts That Need Adjustment

The first step is to review the trial balance and financial records to identify accounts requiring adjustments. This usually includes:

• Accounts with prepaid expenses that have been partially used

• Unearned revenues are where services or goods have been partially delivered

• Accrued expenses incurred but not yet recorded.

• Accrued revenues earned but not yet invoiced or received.d

• Fixed assets that require depreciation

Reviewing supporting documents like invoices, contracts, payroll records, and asset schedules is crucial to spot these cases.

2. Determine the Amount of Adjustment

Once the accounts needing adjustment are identified, calculate the exact amount to adjust. This may involve:

• Estimating how much prepaid expense has been used up during the period

• Calculating how much revenue has been earned from unearned revenue based on time elapsed or services rendered

• Accruing expenses based on hours worked but unpaid, interest accrued, or utilities consumed

• Estimating depreciation expense using a systematic method like straight-line or declining balance

Accuracy in these calculations is critical to avoid misstating financials.

3. Decide Which Accounts to Debit and Credit

Each adjusting entry will involve at least one income statement account (revenue or expense) and one balance sheet account (asset or liability). Understanding which accounts to debit and credit depends on the type of adjustment:

• Accrued revenues: Debit accounts receivable, credit revenue

• Accrued expenses: Debit expense, credit liability (e.g., accrued wages payable)

• Unearned revenues: Debit liability (unearned revenue), credit revenue

• Prepaid expenses: Debit expense, credit asset (prepaid expense)

• Depreciation: Debit depreciation expense, credit accumulated depreciation (contra-asset)

Having a good grasp of basic accounting principles helps ensure correct entries.

4. Prepare the Journal Entries

After determining accounts and amounts, prepare journal entries clearly with dates and descriptions. For example:

Date: March 31
Account Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable $5,000
Revenue $5,000
To record accrued service revenue for March

Clear descriptions support audit trails and future reviews.

5. Post Entries to the General Ledger

Once journal entries are recorded, post them to the general ledger accounts to update balances. This process updates the trial balance and ensures that financial statements will reflect adjusted figures.

6. Review and Verify Adjustments

After posting, review adjusted trial balances to confirm that debits equal credits and that accounts are accurate. Cross-check with supporting documentation and previous periods to ensure consistency.

7. Prepare Adjusted Financial Statements

With all adjusting entries recorded and verified, prepare the adjusted trial balance, income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. These statements will now accurately reflect the company’s financial position and performance.

Detailed Examples of Adjusting Entries with Journal Entries

Understanding adjusting entries becomes easier with practical examples. Here are detailed cases demonstrating how to record common adjustments:

Example 1: Accrued Revenue

Scenario: A marketing firm performed $3,000 worth of consulting services in the last week of June but has not billed the client by June 30.

Adjustment needed: Record the revenue earned in June even though cash is not received.

Journal Entry:
Date: June 30
Debit: Accounts Receivable $3,000
Credit: Consulting Revenue $3,000
To record accrued consulting revenue for June

This entry increases revenue on the income statement and recognizes the amount receivable on the balance sheet.

Example 2: Accrued Expense

Scenario: Employees earned $4,500 in wages during the last days of July, payable on August 5.

Adjustment needed: Recognize wage expense in July to match the expense with when it was incurred.

Journal Entry:
Date: July 31
Debit: Wages Expense $4,500
Credit: Wages Payable $4,500
To accrue wages earned but unpaid as of July 31

This entry increases expenses and records a liability on the balance sheet.

Example 3: Unearned Revenue

Scenario: A software company received $12,000 on August 1 for a 12-month subscription service.

Adjustment needed: At August 31, one month’s revenue should be recognized ($12,000 ÷ 12 = $1,000).

Journal Entry:
Date: August 31
Debit: Unearned Revenue $1,000
Credit: Service Revenue $1,000
To recognize one month of subscription revenue earned

This decreases the liability and increases revenue to reflect service delivery.

Example 4: Prepaid Expense

Scenario: A company paid $6,000 for a six-month insurance policy starting September 1.

Adjustment needed: At September 30, one month of insurance has expired and should be expensed ($6,000 ÷ 6 = $1,000).

Journal Entry:
Date: September 30
Debit: Insurance Expense $1,000
Credit: Prepaid Insurance $1,000
To record insurance expense for September

This reduces the prepaid asset and recognizes the expense in the current period.

Example 5: Depreciation

Scenario: A business buys machinery for $60,000 with an estimated useful life of 10 years and no salvage value. Using straight-line depreciation, the monthly expense is $60,000 ÷ (10 × 12) = $500.

Adjustment needed: Record monthly depreciation expense.

Journal Entry:
Date: Month-end
Debit: Depreciation Expense $500
Credit: Accumulated Depreciation $500
To record monthly depreciation on machinery

This entry reflects the asset’s gradual cost allocation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Making Adjusting Entries

Adjusting entries require accuracy and attention to detail. Some common mistakes that accountants and business owners should avoid include:

1. Failing to Identify All Required Adjustments

Missing adjusting entries can lead to misstated financials. Always thoroughly review accounts that typically require adjustments, such as prepaid expenses, accrued items, and unearned revenues.

2. Incorrect Account Selection

Debiting or crediting the wrong account can distort financial statements. Be clear on the nature of each adjustment and understand whether the entry affects assets, liabilities, revenues, or expenses.

3. Wrong Amount Calculation– or underestimating the amount of adjustment can misrepresent performance. Use precise calculations and reliable data sources to determine amounts.

4. Recording Adjustments in the Wrong Period

Adjusting entries must relate to the correct accounting period to comply with accrual accounting. Avoid recording adjustments prematurely or too late.

5. Not Reversing Adjusting Entries When Necessary

Some accrued entries may need reversal in the following period to avoid double-counting. Understand when reversal entries are appropriate, especially for accrued expenses.

Tools and Software to Simplify Adjusting Entries

In modern accounting, software solutions help automate and streamline adjusting entries, reducing manual errors and saving time.

Accounting Software

Programs like QuickBooks, Xero, and Sage include features for tracking prepaid expenses, accrued revenues, and liabilities, often suggesting or automating necessary adjustments based on data inputs.

Spreadsheets and Templates

Excel and Google Sheets can be customized with formulas and templates to calculate and track adjusting entries, particularly useful for small businesses with straightforward accounts.

Depreciation Calculators

Online calculators or built-in software functions help compute depreciation expense accurately based on asset cost, useful life, and method.

Automated Reminders

Some software can send reminders to accountants or managers about upcoming or overdue adjustments, ensuring timely entries.

Using these tools enhances accuracy and efficiency, allowing accountants to focus on analysis and decision-making rather than manual entry.

The Role of Adjusting Entries in the Closing Process

Adjusting entries are a crucial part of the accounting cycle, particularly in the closing process at the end of a period.

After adjusting entries are recorded and financial statements prepared, companies close temporary accounts such as revenues and expenses to retained earnings. This resets the accounts for the next period.

Proper adjusting entries ensure that the financial results transferred to retained earnings are accurate, representing true economic activity.

Neglecting adjustments can cause permanent errors in retained earnings and financial reporting, complicating audits and financial reviews.

Reversing Adjusting Entries, Audit Considerations, and Best Practices

What Are Reversing Adjusting Entries?

Reversing adjusting entries are optional journal entries made at the beginning of a new accounting period to reverse certain adjusting entries made at the end of the previous period. These are mainly used to simplify accounting for accrued revenues and expenses.

The idea is to “undo” the original accrual or deferral so that when the actual cash transaction occurs in the new period, it can be recorded normally without confusion or duplication.

Why Use Reversing Entries?

Reversing entries help avoid double-counting income or expenses when cash transactions occur in the new period related to accruals from the previous period.

They provide several benefits:

• Simplify bookkeeping: By reversing accruals, accountants can record subsequent cash payments or receipts with simple debit or credit entries, avoiding complex adjustments.

• Prevent errors: Helps ensure that accrued expenses or revenues are not recorded twice.

• Improve clarity: Makes the accounting process more straightforward, especially when different personnel handle transactions across periods.

When Should Reversing Entries Be Used?

Reversing entries are typically used for:

• Accrued expenses: For example, wages or utilities incurred but unpaid at month-end are reversed on the first day of the next month.

• Accrued revenues: Revenues earned but not yet billed or received by period-end, reversed in the new period.

• Certain prepaid expenses or unearned revenues: Occasionally, to simplify future adjustments.

However, reversing entries are generally not used for depreciation, amortization, or other adjusting entries involving non-cash expenses, since these do not involve future cash transactions.

How to Record Reversing Entries

Reversing entries are made by swapping the debit and credit of the original adjusting entry.

For example, if the adjusting entry was:

Date: June 30
Debit: Wages Expense $5,000
Credit: Wages Payable $5,000

The reversing entry on July 1 would be:

Date: July 1
Debit: Wages Payable $5,000
Credit: Wages Expense $5,000

This cancels out the accrual. When the wages are paid in July, the payment is recorded as:

Date: July 15
Debit: Wages Expense $5,000
Credit: Cash $5,000

Without reversing, the payment would reduce the wages payable account instead.

Practical Examples of Reversing Entries

Example 1: Reversing Accrued Expenses

• Adjusting Entry on Dec 31:
  Debit: Interest Expense $2,000
  Credit: Interest Payable $2,000

• Reversing Entry on Jan 1:
  Debit: Interest Payable $2,000
  Credit: Interest Expense $2,000

• Interest Payment on Jan 15:
  Debit: Interest Expense $2,000
  Credit: Cash $2,000

Example 2: Reversing Accrued Revenues

• Adjusting Entry on Dec 31:
  Debit: Accounts Receivable $4,000
  Credit: Service Revenue $4,000

• Reversing Entry on Jan 1:
  Debit: Service Revenue $4,000
  Credit: Accounts Receivable $4,000

• Cash Received on Jan 10:
  Debit: Cash $4,000
  Credit: Service Revenue $4,000

Key Points About Reversing Entries

• Reversing entries are optional — not required by GAAP or IFRS.

• Should be done at the start of the new accounting period, immediately after closing entries.

• Only made for adjusting entries that create accrued revenues or expenses.

• They help streamline transaction recording in the new period.

• It must be tracked carefully to avoid confusion or errors.

Audit Considerations Related to Adjusting Entries

Adjusting entries are a key audit focus area because they have a direct impact on reported financial results. Auditors pay close attention to ensure adjustments are valid, supported, and correctly recorded.

Why Are Adjusting Entries an Audit Focus?

• Risk of manipulation: Adjusting entries, particularly those made at period-end, can be used to manipulate earnings or financial position.

• Judgment involved: Many adjustments require estimates (e.g., depreciation, bad debts), creating opportunities for errors or bias.

• Complexity: Some adjustments involve complicated calculations or assumptions.

• Cut-off accuracy: Adjusting entries ensure transactions are recorded in the correct period, which is critical for accuracy.

How Auditors Test Adjusting Entries

Auditors apply several procedures to test the validity of adjusting entries:

1. Review Supporting Documentation

• Verify invoices, contracts, payroll records, and asset schedules.

• Confirm calculations for accruals and deferrals.

2. Test Accuracy and Completeness

• Recalculate adjusting entry amounts.

• Verify that all necessary adjustments are made.

• Check for any missing or unusual adjustments.

3. Evaluate Accounting Estimates

• Assess the reasonableness of assumptions used in estimates.

• Compare estimates to historical data and industry standards.

4. Check for Unusual or Manual Entries

• Review journal entries made close to period-end.

• Scrutinize entries that significantly affect earnings or key accounts.

5. Confirm Consistency

• Compare current period adjustments with prior periods.

• Investigate significant fluctuations or new types of adjustments.

Documentation and Disclosure

Auditors expect detailed documentation of all adjusting entries, including:

• Explanation and rationale

• Calculation method

• Supporting evidence

• Approvals

In financial statements, certain adjusting entries, especially those involving estimates, may require disclosure notes for transparency.

Best Practices for Managing Adjusting Entries

Adhering to best practices ensures that adjusting entries are accurate, compliant, and auditable.

1. Develop Clear Policies and Procedures

• Establish standardized procedures for identifying, calculating, and recording adjustments.

• Define the responsible persons for each step.

• Maintain consistency in applying accounting principles.

2. Maintain Proper Documentation

• Keep supporting documents accessible and organized.

• Include detailed explanations and calculations with every adjusting entry.

• Use standardized journal entry templates.

3. Use Automation and Technology

• Leverage accounting software to automate recurring adjustments (e.g., depreciation).

• Use reminders for timely entries.

• Employ validation tools to minimize errors.

4. Conduct Regular Reviews and Reconciliations

• Review adjusting entries for accuracy and completeness periodically.

• Reconcile related accounts regularly (e.g., prepaid expenses, accrued liabilities).

• Investigate discrepancies promptly.

5. Train Staff and Promote Awareness

• Ensure accounting personnel understand the importance and mechanics of adjusting entries.

• Provide training on relevant accounting standards and software tools.

• Encourage a culture of accuracy and integrity.

6. Coordinate with Auditors

• Maintain open communication with auditors throughout the process.

• Provide requested documents promptly.

• Address audit findings related to adjustments proactively.

Summary and Closing Thoughts

Adjusting entries complete the accounting cycle by ensuring revenues and expenses are recognized in the correct periods, which produces fair and accurate financial statements. Mastery of adjusting entries, including when and how to use reversing entries, is critical for financial transparency and compliance.

Auditors focus intensely on these entries, so best practices in documentation, calculation, and review are essential to avoid errors, fraud risks, and audit complications.

Utilizing modern accounting software and automation, coupled with strong internal controls and trained staff, helps organizations streamline the adjusting process and maintain confidence in their financial reporting.